Terms Used In Renewable Energy (Solar PV)

Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI):

The total solar energy received on a unit area of horizontal surface.

Capacity Factor (CF):

Capacity factor (usually expressed as a percentage) is the ratio of the actual output over a period of a year to theoretical output if the plant had operated at nominal power for the entire year.

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How Paper is Made

Product  is 180 gm paper.

Working

Paper machine includes four sections.

1. Wire Section
2. Press Section
3. Dryer Section
4. Calender Section

Gramage of paper is controlled in wire section. Wire section consist of 3 head boxes where pulp is placed on the wire sheet. These three head boxes produce 3 layers of wet paper. These three layers pass through suction area which consist of porous frames. When layers of wet paper pass through these porous frames, large pumps suck 90% of water from these layers. After wards these layers are combined. After combining these three layers we get a paper layer which has only  10% moisture.
After passing through wire section paper is forwarded to press pawn section where cylinders of approximately 4m of dia, press the sheet. Then press pawn forward the sheet to the dryer section which consist of 39 large cylenders having the temperature of 165 degree C to 170 degree C due to steam heating. This made 100% dry paper sheet.
Further this sheet is forwarded to calender section. This section consist of two cylinders upwards and downwards. Upper cylinder is hard and lower cylinder is soft. Below the lower cylinder there is a large number of pumps. This make paper of equal width all over its area. After this scanner scans the paper for moisture control. And your 180 gram paper is ready now.

• Agitator are used to shake the pulp.
• Electrically gramage and moisture of the paper is controlled through PLC from control room.

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